"Linguistic and Conceptual Worldviews" is a peer-reviewed open access periodical scientific journal. ISSN 2520-6397 (print), ISSN 2520-6400 (online) EDRPOU 02070944 UDC 81 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397 Branch of Knowledge: humanities. Specialities: B11 – Philology (with specializations). State registration: entered in the Register of subjects in the field of media (Resolution of January 18, 2024, No. 120, Protocol No. 2 of the meeting of the National Council of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting). Media identifier: R30-02555. Professional registration: Included into the List of Scientific Professional Editions of Ukraine, Category В (Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Protocol No 157, as of February,9,2021). Founder: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv This Scientific journal was founded in 1998. Languages: Ukrainian, English. Publication frequency: twice a year. The Journal “Linguistic and Conceptual Worldviews” is indexed by: DOAJ Crossref Index Copernicus ERIH PLUS ResearchBib UlrichsWEB Website URL: http://mova.knu.ua/
Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, Навчально-науковий інститут філології
INTERCULTURAL APPROACH IN GERMAN LANGUAGE TEACHING MATERIALS BY HUEBER “SICHER!”
The article deals with intercultural approach in modern German Language teaching materials. With the help of key questions on intercultural orientation the main components of teaching materials are analyzed and their role in the development of intercultural communicative competence in the foreign language lessons are found out.
intercultural competence, intercultural misunderstanding, national variant, foreign language teaching
Copyright (c) 2019 Linguistic and Conceptual Worldviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ANTHROPOMORPHIC METAPHORS OF GERMAN ECONOMIC MEDIA
The paper is devoted to the research of anthropomorphic metaphors in German economic media discourse. The main types of anthropomorphic metaphors in German economic media discourse are distinguished. Metaphors representing the economy as a biological, social and spiritual being are considered as anthropomorphic metaphors.
conceptual metaphor, anthropomorphic metaphor, economic media discourse
TEXT TYPE SPECIFICS OF GOVERNMENT POLICY STATEMENT IN GERMANY
The article investigates text type specifics of government policy statement in Germany. The major types of the government policy statement in Germany that appear in different communicative situations are described. The first type is the government policy statement that is submitted at the beginning of the legislative session. The second type is the government policy statement concerning current political themes. The language means that are used in the government policy statement of each type are revealed.
intertextuality, parliamentary communication, political speech, text type, government policy statement
ON CONCEPT OF A CONTEMPORARY ELECTRONIC GERMAN UKRAINIAN LAW DICTIONARY
The article deals with conceptual principles underlying the German-Ukrainian Legal online-Database – the first German-Ukrainian dictionary of legal terms in Ukraine. Such lexicographical principles as definition of a term, the interpretative note to the term in German and Ukrainian, the reference of branch of law and belonging of the term to a certain national system of law as well as fixation of main collocation’s types are analyzed and exemplified in a specific context of termbase entries.
electronic law dictionary, legal lexicography, lexicographical principles, definition of a term, interpretative note to the term, linked concepts, collocation, translation equivalent
TRANSLATION STUDENTS’ VISIONS OF THEIR FUTURE PROFESSION VS REQUIREMENTS OF THE JOB MARKET
This paper presents findings from a qualitative study in which a method of semistructured interview was employed to investigate the learning experience of internship students. The research analyses the main factors that influence the quality of an internship from the students’ perspective. Special attention is paid to the student’s expectations from internship and match between the job requirements and internships. Specific issues faced by the internship students have been identified.
translation students, translation internship in Ukraine and in Germany, vision of future profession
GENDER SPECIFICITY OF “INFORMATIVITY” CATEGORY (BASED ON MAGAZINES “SPIEGEL” AND “BRIGITTE”
The article focuses on specifics of the information text from the point of view of gender linguistics. The gender marking of the information text is manifested at the structural, semantic and stylistic levels and is represented in the selection of aspects of the events, the organization of information blocks and linguistic ways of describing events.
information text, semantics, «informativity» category, gender marking
THE MENTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SUBORDINATE CONCEPT “WORK” (PART 2)
The paper is devoted to cognitive analysis of the professional concept “work” as a subordinate concept of the macroconcept “business” connected with it by semantic notional relations. The inner form of the word-nominator work, its derivative, semantic, word-building, text-сomposing potentials, theoretical rethinking in scientific research, as well as semantic links with other possible names of the concept have been studied. It has been developed the architectonics of the concept, i.e. its notional, sense (sense centers / semantic kernels), imagery (image-stereotype “working woman” in its two formats – prototypical image and evaluative stereotype) and schematic (action frame which includes cause, contact action and characterization relations) components.
mental structure, subordinate concept, notional component, sense center, imagery component, action frame
STRUCTURE AND SEMANTICS OF THE NAMES DENOTING PARTS OF PROCESSES IN GERMAN AND ENGLISH
This paper deals with the research of the structure and semantics of the names denoting parts of processes in German and English, which are parts of the meronymy system (names denoting parts of the whole). The lexical units under analysis belong to the vocabulary of the standard language, but are also observed in different terminological systems, thus their meaning for the inter-branch terminology is evidently huge. The analysed thematic group of meronyms is a joint link between semantics of verb and noun (concrete and abstract). They combine the meaning of process, temporality and locativity with partitive meaning. The research highlights the special status of meronymic relations different from other types of semantic relations in the lexical system of language: hyper-hyponymic and possesiv.
meronym, meronymy, hyper-hyponymy, taxonomy, polysemy, index of polysemy, metaphor, metonymy
THE STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND NOUNS WITH SOMATIC COMPONENTS IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE
This article is devoted to the structural and semantic properties of somatic compound nouns in the German language. It discusses the theoretical premises of the study of compound nouns, determines the basic characteristics and types of such compounds, and considers the metaphorical rethinking of compounds, to which the personification of inanimate nature is attributed, that represent another typical manifestation of the anthropomorphic metaphor and aт egocentric model of spatial orientation.
compound nouns, structural and semantic properties, somatic component, word formation, A and B constituents, metaphor, metonymy
TECHNICAL TRANSLATION TRAINING: EXPERIENCE AND OUTLOOK
This article presents experience in technical translation German to Ukrainian and in technical translation teaching. Some typical problems of technical translation into Ukrainian are analyzed, which must be paid attention to for training technical translators.
scientific and technical texts, loan translation, pseudo term, grammar problems
DISCOURSE SYNERGY IN THE INTERCULTURAL CONTEXT
The development of linguistic research in the conditions of globalization acquires a new understanding, since it correlates with culturology, ethnology, and explicates the linguistic and cultural heritage. Modern linguistic intelligence is extrapolated to the problems of intercultural communication, linguistic aesthetics, and the study of national and cultural realities. The consideration of languages, in particular Germanic, in intercultural interaction appears to be actualized, because the knowledge of national values and communication peculiarities of Germanic native speakers contributes to the comprehension of the specific cognition nature of their cultural environment.
intercultural dimension, synergetic paradigm, discourse, inner speech, inner monologue
EXISTENTIAL PHENOMENA IN LANGUAGE AND MYTHIC SPACE
The article considers verbal representations of existential phenomena from the standpoint of universalia-centered linguistics and the methodology of M-logic. Special attention is paid to the etymological analysis of the LIFE concept’s names in Indo-European languages and the reconstruction of the cognitive models, the latter being the bases of the lingual units designating the said phenomena in the archaic Germanic languages.
existential phenomenon, mythic space, semantics, sense, model
THE GERMAN CONJUNCTIVE AND THE MODAL MEANING OF “IRREALITY” (IN FRAMES OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
The article investigates the specificity of the German conjunctive within the construction of structural und semantic models. It is proved that the form of Konj. Präteritum is the means in to individualize the simple sentence in the aspect of its structural and semantic organization
conjunctive, structural and semantic models, modality, irreality
CRITICAL CULTUROLOGICAL PUBLICISM OF THE “REGION-FEDERATION-EUROPE” RELATIONS BY LUDWIG HARIG
The article deals with the cultural coverage of the “Region-Federation-Europe” relations in publicism by Ludwig Harig (Saarland) who demonstrates the characteristic features of the society regional development as an embodiment of global processes. It is noted the small regions extraordinary contribution to modern global processes using an ironic tonality (antithesis, oxymoron, metaphorical similes, metaphor).
region, federation, Europe, Saarland, irony, antithesis, gladness
TYPOLOGY OF COMMUNICATIVE FAILURES IN THE VIDEO INTERVIEWS IN UKRAINIAN AND GERMAN
The article is devoted to the study of communicative failures in the speech genre of video interviews in the Ukrainian and German linguocultures. The topics of video interviews (sports, politics and culture) and types of communication failures are determined based on the reasons for their occurrence (of the interviewer, the respondent, communication noise) and perceived as a violation (from the perspective of the interviewer, respondent or viewer). Established are common and excellent communication failures in interviews in both linguocultures.
communicative failure, Ukrainian linguoculture, German linguoculture, video interview
ON LINGUISTIC DEFINITION OF THE TERM “WORD ASSOCIATION”
The analysis of dictionary definitions of the term «association» in various Ukrainian, English, German, and Russian linguistic sources has revealed the lack of an inherently linguistic definition of this term, whose roots can be traced back to its psychological origin. The article discusses distinctive traits of the word association, similar linguistic phenomena and the types of the word association. A new text-based understanding of word association is suggested, as well as a new definition of this term, giving more possibilities for its linguistic research.
word association, consociation, colligation, collocation, associative experiment
SLANG AS A METALANGUAGE VARIABLE IN THE HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE ASPECTS
The article examines the term slang in the light of its polysemantic nature in English, Ukrainian, Polish, Hungarian, French, Italian, and Spanish language studies. Approaches to defining slang in English are specified and systematized. Interlingual semantic equivalents utilized to name English slang counterparts in the other six analyzed national language terminological systems are established.
sociolect, lect, slang in English language studies, slang in Ukrainian language studies, slang in Polish language studies, slang in Hungarian language studies, slang in French language studies, slang in Italian language studies, slang in Spanish language studies.
BOHDAN MALENKYI: A FRIEND, A RESEARCHER, A TEACHER AND A BRIGHT MAN
I LOVED YOU ALL, BUT MOST OF ALL I LOVED UKRAINE: IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR TARAS KYJAK
COGNITIVE SCIENCES IN CHINA: THE BASIC TENDENCIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Currently, cognitive studies of language in China are very popular. There are diﬀerent views on the theoretical aspects of this direction. The article discusses the current level of cognitive science in China, as well as the main trends in its development in relation to the study of the Chinese language. Some recommendations of Chinese scientists concerning the study of complex paradigms of cognitive science, especially in cognitive linguistics, cognitive terminology, cognitive lexicography, are oﬀered in our article.
cognitive science; cognitive linguistics; cognitive terminology; cognitive lexicogra¬phy; terminology
X-RAY MICROBEAM AS ONE OF THE MOST MODERN ARTICULATORY METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
The article substantiates the necessity of phonetic, in particular articulation, researches. The role of articulatory research in the study of the nature of sound units and their significance for linguistics and practical use are determined. The preconditions for studying the sound system of the language with the help of experimental techniques are specified. The history of occurrence and development of experi- mental phonetic researches in Ukraine and in the world is analyzed. The main methods of articulation research, including types of X-ray examination as one of the most important articulatory techniques, are considered. There are brought to the light the history and procedure of film-roentgenography with its implementation in Ukrainian linguistics. A number of tasks performed by experimental phonetics, as well as the possibility of applying its results in diﬀerent fields of knowledge are outlined. The article is focused on X-ray microbeam – one of the most contemporary types of X-ray re- search, which was created by the Japanese scientist Osama Fujimura in the second half of the last century. The history of creating the device for such studies is traced, the procedure of collecting articu- lation information (preparation for recording, the placement of tracking beads, type of the articulated material and tasks set forth) is described. The main advantages of X-ray microbeam in comparison with other methods are determined: it gives information about all the sounds of human speech, does not distort the pronunciation, causes minimal harm to health, allows studying large masses of information quickly and automatically. At the and, the conclusion about the feasibility of usage X-ray microbeam in experimental phonet- ics is made. It is confired the significance of such a method, which lies in the interdisciplinary type of research, the generation of new knowledge in the field of phonetics and the addition of existing infor- mation with the help of the latest technologies.
experimental phonetic researches, articulation, roentgenography, X-ray microbeam
THE LINGUODIDACTIC METHODS OF FAMILIARIZING STUDENTS WITH FOREIGN CULTURAL CONCEPTS
Modern philological education provides a deep introduction to the national culture as well as the national mentality of native speakers of a particular language. Linguistic conceptology is an academic discipline serving this purpose. There are some tutorials created by Taras Shevchenko National Uni- versity of Kyiv professors I.O. Holubovska, O.S. Snytko, N.V. Slukhay, and others, that are dedicated to this subject matter. However, the linguodidactic aspect of linguistic conceptology, especially for training foreigners, has not been investigated yet. This article deals with some of the linguodidactic methods concerning familiarizing foreign students with Russian cultural concepts. These methods are used by the author of this article in an academic course “The Russian Language and Cultural Con- cepts” which is a part of the educational program “The Russian Language and Literature” for foreign students of master’s degree in the Institute of Philology. A teacher’s intention is to provide foreign students with some information concerning national peculiarities of Russian linguocultural concepts. Familiarizing students with cultural concepts must include three pillars: an image, a conceptual component and a value dimension which is the most important one. The linguodidactic methods for this purpose are: visualization of information using heuris- tic approach; insight into metaphorical traits of a concept; use of idiomatic expressions etc.; use of synonyms; explanation of word etymology and ascertaining of derivational links; experimental data received through psycholinguistics methods; cognitive analysis of poets’ and writers’ sentences about a topic. Specific pieces of Russian cultural concepts (УЮТ, ДУША, ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИЯ, НЕПРИКАЯННЫЙ, МАЯТЬСЯ and some others) are good examples of these methods usage. Choos- ing a method depends on concept peculiarities. It is proved that the heuristic method is the most eﬀec- tive one, considering the necessity of development master’s general and special competences.
concepts, linguistic conceptology, linguistic culturology, linguodidactics, Russian lin- guistic culture, teaching foreigners
EVOLUTION OF THE LINGUO-CULTURAL CONCEPTS IN THE FRENCH PRESIDENTS’ NEW YEAR’S EVE ADDRESSES: NATIONAL VALUES AS A MANIPULATION TOOL
The article deals with the search of key linguo-cultural concepts of the French political culture, verbalized in the French Presidents’ of the Fifth Republic New Year’s eve addresses (les Voeux de Nouvel An) from 1960 to 2016. The author analyzes French politicians’ public speech as the mirror im- age of the French core national values. This research summarizes achievements in the field of cultural linguistics, pragmalinguistics and discourse analysis. Moreover, it provides leading modern scientists’ ideas about the genre of the congratulatory speech and its characteristics, highlighting major diﬀer- ences between the congratulatory speech and other speeches. Much attention is given to the notion of “linguo-cultural concept”, defined as a core element of the French language and culture, and to its diﬀerence from the notion of “social representation” that is considered to be a basic unit in the field of French sociolinguistics. Applying linguo-cultural approach to the data, gained thanks to the use of the lexicometric software program Tropes, we defined five core linguo-cultural concepts in the New Year’s Eve addresses, namely la France, la Nation, la Liberté, l’Esprit cartésien and la Fraternité as objectively as possible. It is spoken in detail about verbal representations of the mentioned concepts. The author gives also the example of their use in the congratulatory speeches of Charles de Gaulle, Georges Pompidou, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, François Mitterand, Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarcozy and François Hollande. The article gives a detailed analysis of the linguo-cultural concept la Fra- ternité and its transformation into the concept la Solidarité. The perspectives of further research are discussed.
cultural linguictics, linguo-cultural concept, congratulatory speech, French political discourse
ASYMETRY OF SPEAKING NAME INTERPRETATION IN TRANSLATION (BASED ON ENGLISH NOVEL SERIES BY T. PRATCHETT AND ITS UKRAINIAN, GERMAN, FRENCH AND RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS)
The article deals with the problem of speaking proper nouns translation within the framework of a literary work. Speaking proper names, mainly anthroponyms and toponyms, are considered as means of the author’s ideas rendering and possess certain connotative and pragmatic characteristics. Speaking names perform not only a nominative but also an expressive and informative function, thus particular attention is paid to the rendering of the connotative, emotional, pragmatic, and cultural components of each proper noun, as the correct perception of the novel by the readership depends immensely on that. The main translation diﬃculties which translators face during the rendering of speaking proper nouns were determined. Said diﬃculties are related to the diﬀerences in language systems and ethno-cultural backgrounds of the audience as well as to the need to take into account both wide and narrow context of the usage of a speaking name. The most common ways to overcome such diﬃculties were analyzed and the main translation transformations that allow an adequate rendering of the speaking proper noun from the source to the target text were determined. Calque translation and translation transformation of diﬀerentiation are considered to be potentially able to reproduce the hid- den meaning, hints, ironic or humorous component of the original speaking proper name. However, the speaking names interpretations’ asymmetry is observed even in translations into closely-related lan- guages, which corresponds to the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. Thus, it seems an impossible task to wholly reproduce the multi-meanings and polysemy of the images hidden in the speaking name and ensure its identical perception by the average reader of the source and target texts. Principal reasons for speaking names interpretations’ asymmetry in translations of the same text are defined, which are lexical-grammatical, ethno-cultural, contextual-pragmatic, and personal-subjective.
translation, speaking names, proper nouns, rendering, translatability, literary work, fantasy
PECULIARITIES OF SPANISH MENU AND ITS TRANSLATION
Tapas as a part of menu refer to the nonequivalent lexics, which only complicates the translation of such elements, because they belong to exoticisms, words with the cultural shade. In linguistics, the realia of the subject were investigated by: R.Zorivchak, S. Vlakhov S. Florin, V. Vinogradov and others. In Spain this is one of the most popular topics for research. But some linguists and translators generally do not distinguish the term “realia”, for example, A. Popovich, doesn’t mention “realia” in the dictionary of translation analysis” at all. In order to achieve an adequate translation of the names of national cuisine, transcription and transliteration, calques, descriptive, generalized, and transformational methods of translation are used. During the study of the translation of the names of the national cuisine of Spain, it was found that it would be more appropriate to translate them in a mixed way, combining transcription, transliteration or translation, and descriptive translation (giving it in the footnote). But the most frequent are transcription, calques together with renomination (a combination of the above-mentioned transcripts with descriptive translation) (tapas-tapas, (transcription); tortilla – тортілья (transliteration); pinchos – пінчос (transcription + it is desirable to give an explanation-footnote at the bottom of the page that is a tapas , but on a spree (typical of northern Spain); pan catalán – каталонський хліб (calque), gazpacho, salmorejo – газпачо, сальморехо (transcription), paella – паелья (transliteration). In the case where there is no equivavalent in the language of the translation: fabada – фаба- да, jamón – хамон, churros – чуррос (traditional Spanish donuts, which Spaniards usually eat on Sundays), boquerones – Spanish version of the Ukrainian capalin fish, we will often encounter calques, transliteration with renomination or simply descriptive translation: chocos – кальмари, which are cut in stripes, not rings (no to confuse with the calamares fritas), and so on.
translation, non-equivalent vocabulary, realia, transcription, calque, descriptive translation, renomination
DIARY DISCOURSE AS A NARRATIVIZATION OF A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OF O. GONCHAR
The article deals with the linguistic study of discourse which is based on the material of «Dia- ries» by O. Gonchar. In the focus of this research, diary entries are established as the projection and reflection of the linguistic personality of the writer. The process of keeping a diary is considered as the communicative value of text writing. Therefore, the entries reflect the results and characteristics of Gonchar’s communicative activity. The reflection of the word appears as a writer’s artistic work that absorbs the philosophy of his time, his aspiration and cultural experience. Moreover, the linguistic reading of the diary discourse reveals the axiсological perception of the reality, verbalized in the word. As noted by I. Sirko, in the Ukrainian linguistic culture only in the second half of the 20th century – at the beginning of the XXI century dia- ries became a form of personal expression. Due to the philological achievements, it is known that diary and diary activity form the discourse. If to quote the definition of discourse by N. Arutyunova, then discourse is a text immersed in life. Ac- cording to Y. Stepanov, the phenomenon of discourse is the proof of the thesis «Language is the home of the spirit» and, to some extent, the thesis «Language is the home of being». So keeping a diary is a kind of communicative activity. The concept of the diary accurately reflects the specifics of its keeping – a kind of activity that is implemented every day. Linguistic study of the diary’s discourse involves a variety of approaches, including 1) modeling of diary activity, 2) the selection of typical cases of diary writing and the main tendencies characterizing diary texts; 3) description and characterization of diary texts in the unity of language, psycholinguistic, cultural, extra-linguistic circumstances, which influenced the subject and led to creativity. In the diary discourse, we can trace the activities of the author in the role of «figure», the role of «chronicler», the role of «carrier of the psychological state», the role of «the one who writes». This is due to the wide possibilities of the diary. Naturally, in each case, these roles are individual. For example, O. Gonchar realizes himself in several diﬀerent roles, which is reflected in the numerous entries. He includes all the information, such as drafts of letters, scenes of works, heard jokes or stories, interesting facts, personal or other observations, thoughts which the author consid- ered to be deserving for certain reasons to save. O. Gonchar is endowed with a degree of freedom in his communicative activity. He is free not only in the choice of lexical and syntactical means but also in the choice of topics (events) for a diary entry, as well as in measures of detail, describing a particular event. Thus, a diary is the prism of the vision of the writer’s world, the history of his experience and the formation of the author as a person. In addition, it is important to notice that the records often cover the entire life of the author, which allows us to trace the evolution of the linguistic personality, reconstruct the content of its worldview. In this way, diaries provide informational and communicative values, appear as a projection of the linguistic personality of the writer and reflection of the author’s language.
discourse, diary, communicative activity, the experience of O. Gonchar, reflection
ENGLISH SOCIOLECT INVARIANTS IN MODERN UKRAINIAN SOCIETY
The article highlights the issue of English social dialect invariants in contemporary Ukrainian society. Language varieties used in society reflect regional, social and ethnic belonging of people who use them. There exists interconnection between a language and society. Nowadays development of democratic values in Ukraine requires to use English as a second oﬃcial language and academic programs in educational establishments are directed to learning English as a main foreign language. Ukrainian society fasces the perspective of implementing English sociolect invariants in various spheres of social life. Peculiarities of a language situation in Ukraine are reflected in the article. A language situation involves the relations that develop between language formations in a society. These formations are determined by many factors, the main of which are diﬀerent social statuses of society members. In modern Ukrainian society there exist a wide range of formations speaking more than one language, therefore the language situation in Ukraine is exoglossic. English terms, professional and sociolect invariants are implemented in various spheres of social life in everyday use of Ukrainian people as a result of growing number of language contacts. In philosophy invariant is determined as ‘an invariable’. Main spheres of English sociolect invariants application are defined in the article. Such types of discourse as media-discourse and business-discourse can be considered the types of dis- course that have acquired the biggest number of terms, professional words and other socially marked words in Ukrainian society. Тhese types of discourse have the strongest impact on social life in a poly- cultural country. Such means of typology research as semantic maps has been used in contemporary linguistics. It is based on the notions that appeared in context of semantic fields research. Semantic fields include words with the common meaning. The methods of semantic field analysis are used in comparative linguistics. The comparative analysis of semantic fields of the business-discourse in the English and Ukrai- nian languages has pointed out to equivalent positions of professional terms and jargon words in these semantic fields. Existence of proper Ukrainian words and notions corresponding to English invariants with the same meaning has proved the universal nature of invariants.
sociolect invariants, language situation, business-discourse, language contact, semantic field
THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT OF WILL IN THE SERMONS OF A. RADIVILOVSKY
The article provides the concept of the will, its interpretation in the selected dictionaries and the sermon of A. Radivilovsky since it is an important notion in the linguistic world image of Ukrainians. The visions of the concept of A. Radivilovsky and other writers of that time are compared. The inter- est for the interpretation and understanding of this concept appeared in Ukrainian culture in the 17th century. The reason for this was the penetration of Latin-Polish literature into the territory of Ukraine. The interpretations of the will were quite diﬀerent, even within one century. So-called «evolution» of the concept can be traced back to the dictionaries that record the vocabulary of the researched period («Lexicon» by Pamba Berynda., «Materials» to the dictionary by E. Timchenko and «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – the first half of the 17th century»). The change of the conceptual world image of Ukrainians, specifically in the ratio of such concepts as God and Man, is observed in the second half of the 17th century. A. Radivilovsky is an innovator in this regard. For him as well as for I. Gisel, freedom is defined as the path to the Salvation. An important thing is that A. Radilovsky appeals to the will not in a specific sense. The main point for him is freedom of the will which he defines as a special gift from God that is given to a man in order to live for good and increase the glory of the Lord. In the sermon he refers to the work of Blessed Augustine. The preacher believes that a person who chose a righteous path with his own will can reach the Salvation. God gives everyone freedom to choose, and therefore nobody makes a person do what he does not want to do. In order to confirm his ideas, A. Radilovsky presents the biblical parables, legends or histories of ancient gods or rulers. So, A. Radilovsky refers to the problem of freedom of the will because the society of that time required a diﬀerent interpretation of some religious concepts through rationalistic worldview. Accord- ing to the preacher, the will is the path to the Highest Blessed Peace, a special gift from God. Such an interpretation diﬀers from the ideas of philosophers of the first half of the 20th century. A. Radilovsky emphasizes that even doing it unconsciously a person still has to make a choice in favor of God. That is, having noted that everyone has a right to make their own choice, the preacher unknowingly denies this fact. The concept of the will plays an important role in the sermon since it gives us an idea of the contemporary understanding of the notion and its place in the religious texts.
concept, religion, sermon, will, freedom, mind, desire
“INSIDE” AND “OUTSIDE” SPACE IN THE СONTEXT OF THE PERSIAN POLITENESS SYSTEM TA’ĀROF
The paper deals with the problem of implementation of the binary opposition “inside-outside” within the scope of ta’ārof, the Persian politeness system, which is deeply involved in all the types of social communication in Iran. Here was analyzed a concept set forth by US anthropologist W. Beeman, who states that communicative behavior of Iranians is regulated by strict diﬀerence between “inside” and “outside” space, which is expressed through stylistically marked means of speech. Also here was determined peculiar correlation between the concepts of “inside/outside” space and “inside/outside” behavior incorporated into Iranian worldview since the ancient times. In the situations, which speaker regards as “outside” (birun / zāher) he chooses a communication style in accordance with require- ments of ta’ārof politeness system, demonstrating diﬀerence in status of the interlocutors. And vice versa, in the situations regarded as “inside” (andarun / bāten) ones, he feels comfortable and relaxed, and uses in his speech expressions demonstrating friendliness and sincerity. Yet, when correlation between two frames of behavior is broken the “outside”-mode communication turns into “inside”, and “inside” – into “outside”-mode communication. “Outside” pattern of communication is useful when applied to the misbehaving persons. Unacceptable behavior of “high-ranking person” could well be moderated by intensifying the strategy of “self-lowering” and “other-rising” towards the counterpart, making use of stylistically based means of speech. It was pointed out to the negative aspect of the Persian politeness system, which allows manipulat- ing interlocutor. Identifying and proper reaction from the side of foreigners to such attempts is one of the most important tasks of intercultural communication with Persian native speakers.
the Persian language, politeness system, speech etiquette, intercultural communica- tion